Fullerene C60 and C70 which are the third allotropes of carbon, subsequent to diamond and graphite, have a beautiful spherical structure as shown in the figure. The form of Fullerene C60 resembles the dome built by the architect, Buckminster Fuller, and therefore, it is called “Buckminsterfullerene”.
The existence of Buckminsterfullerenes was hypothesized by Osawa1) more than 35 years ago and discovered by Smalley and co-workers2) relatively recently. Afterwards, Huffman, Kratschmer and coworkers3)have reported on the method to generate Fullerenes in a considerably large quantity. Fullerenes have been studied intensively, particularly in the fields of superconducting devices 4), ferromagnets5), nonlinear optical materials6) , pharmaceuticals7) and the like. Moreover, new Fullerene derivatives obtained by chemical modification8) are being made and the chemistry of the new C60 and C60 derivatives are being explored in many different fields.
B1641
|
B1660
|
B1694
|
B1642
|
| B1641 | Fullerene C60 (pure) |
| B1660 | Fullerene C60 |
| B1694 | Fullerene C70 |
| B1642 | Fullerene Extract, C60 (contains ca. 20% C70) |
Literature
2) H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brein, R. F. Curl, R. E. Smalley, Nature, 1985, 318, 162.
3) W. Kraetschmer, L. D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, D. R. Huffman, Nature, 1990, 347, 354.
4) A. F. Hebard, M. J. Rosseinsky, R. C. Haddon, D. W. Murphy, S. H. Glarum, T. T. M. Palstra, A. P. Ramirez, A. R. Kortan, Nature, 1991, 350, 600; K. Tanigaki, T. W. Ebbesen, S. Saito, J. Mizuki, J. S. Tsai, Y. Kubo, S. Kuroshima, Nature, 1991, 352, 222; S. Margadonna, K. Prassides, J. Solid State Chem., 2002, 168, 639.
5) P. M. Allemand, K. C. Khemani, A. Koch, F. Wudl, K. Holczer, S. Donovan, G. Gruner, J. D. Thompson, Science, 1991, 253, 301; L. A. Zheng, E. V. Barrera, R. D. Shull, J. Appl. Phys., 2002, 92, 523.
6) Q. Gong, Y. Sun, Z. Xia, Y. H. Zou, Z. Gu, X, Zhou, D. Qiang, J. Appl. Phys., 1992, 71, 3025; L. W. Tutt, A. Kost, Nature, 1992, 356, 225; R. A. Ganeev, A. I. Ryasnyansky, V. I. Redkorechev, K. Fostiropoulos, G. Priebe, T. Usmanov, Opt. Commun., 2003, 225, 131.
7) Y. Tabatema, Y. Ikada, Bio Industry, 1997, 14(7), 30; N. Miyata, Y. Yamakoshi, I. Nakanishi, Yakugaku Zasshi (J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn), 2000, 120, 1007; Y. Yamakoshi, N. Umezawa, A. Ryu, K. Arakane, N. Miyata, Y. Goda, T. Masumizu, T. Nagano, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 12803.
8) H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1992, 31, 293; "Fullerenes : Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Large Carbon Clusters (ACS Symp. Ser. 481)" G. S. Hammond, V. J. Kuck, ACS, Washington D. C. (1992).
9) Review H. W. Kroto, et al., Chem. Rev., 1991, 91, 1213; Kagaku (Chemistry), 1991, 46; R. E. Smalley, et al., Acc. Chem. Res., 1992, 25, 97; M. S. Dresselhaus, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1995, 25, 487; M. Iyoda, M. Yoshida, Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi (J. Synth. Org. Chem., Jpn.), 1995, 53, 756; N. F. Goldshleger, Fullerene Sci. Technol., 2001, 9, 255.
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